The advent of precise gene editing of donor cells used for animal cloning has renewed interest in the epigenetics, mitochondrial heteroplasmy and gene expression changes involved in nuclear reprogramming and normal development of the conceptus.
Pluripotent stem cell technologies have not superseded cloning in any livestock species. Many thousands of cloned offspring demonstrate that animal cloning is consistent and adaptable to a wide variety of species. Dolly was the first mammal produced by the transfer of an adult somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated egg and improved the understanding of cellular reprogramming.
In 1996, a single lamb born (Dolly) from an experiment involving 277 embryo reconstructions that developed into 29 early in vitro embryos that were transferred into 13 surrogate females, demonstrated that adult somatic cells can have nuclear developmental equivalence to the germ cell lineage.
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